Tourism and environment in conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism and environment in conflict - Essay Example Thus on one hand where the industry is hailed as a key contributor to the country’s economy and boosting its growth and development, on the other it is blamed by environmentalists and other stakeholders as responsible for single handedly destroying and depleting the natural resources (Huebner, 2010). Both sides of the arguments are valid and hold credibility considering the vast amount of evidence available in the form of research conducted over the years. This indicates a dire conflict between two of the most critical elements of the society. The tourism industry, unlike the other industries relies solely on the use of the natural resources to lure and attract consumers. The natural environment hence, forms a very integral part of the trade which is exposed to the public. The increase in tourism incidentally leads to an increase in common tourist activities such as shopping, dining, which are often created in the midst of nature so as to afford a fine sight-seeing experience for the consumers. Such activities significantly increase the risk of destruction and depletion of natural resources and damage the surrounding environment and bio-diversity (Brebbia and Pineda, 2010; Leigh, Webster, and Ivanov, 2012). The fact that tourism has caused a gradual yet steady deterioration of the environment has been accepted lately due to the increasing evidence asserting the same. Tourism has consistently contributed to the rise in industrial wastes. According to reports tourism generates significant amount of waste due to increased human activities in the surrounding area. It has also caused a radical shift in climate due to increased traffic leading to air pollution. Since the tourism is highly dependent on consumers, increased tourist activities are inevitable. Any effort to reduce or eliminate the production of waste and protect the environment is hence likely to be futile mainly due to the sheer size of the industry (Sharpley, 2009; Scott, Hall, and Gossling, 201 2). The deterioration of the environment due to increase in tourism is a paradox faced by the industry since the availability of clean and orderly environment is one of the key pre-requisites for the tourism industry to thrive. The industry on one hand strives to co-ordinate the two diverse yet inter-related causes – that of promoting tourism and safeguarding the very natural resources it endorses as a bait to attract more consumers. The tourism industry is hence entrusted with the burden of balancing the act of protecting the environment by keeping it clean and retaining its purity, and at the same time use it as its USP (Unique Selling Point) in attracting more consumers. This indicates a conflict of interest between the tourism industry and the environment whereby the wider social cause of environment protection is sacrificed in exchange for capital gains. The conflicting relationship between tourism and natural environment can be rectified to a certain extent by coordinat ing and controlling the impact of tourism activities on the environment. This issue is confronted by two diverse perspectives i.e. ethical and economic whereby the significance and gravity of neither of the two can be denied or ignored. It is highly impossible to ignore the contribution of tourism in ensuring protection of the environment and vice versa. However it is of crucial significance to ensure that the thin line between ethical and commercial objectives of the trade is not overlooked in favor of profits. Incidences such as illegal

Debt and Trial Balance Essay Example for Free

Debt and Trial Balance Essay DRIVE PROGRAM SEMESTER SUBJECT CODE NAME BK ID CREDITS MARKS ASSIGNMENT WINTER 2013 MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ MBAN2/ PGDBAN2 1 MB0041 FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING B1624 4 60 Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Q. No Questions Marks Total Marks 1 Give the classification of Accounts according to accounting equation approach with its meaning and examples. Compare the traditional approach with modern approach of accounting equation approach. Analyze the transaction under traditional approach. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 20. 1. 2011 Paid salary Rs. 30,000 20. 1. 2011 Paid rent by cheque Rs. 8,000 21. 1. 2011 Goods withdrawn for personal use Rs. 5,000 25. 1. 2011 Paid an advance to suppliers of goods Rs. 1,00,000 26. 1. 2011 Received an advance from customers Rs. 3,00,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid interest on loan Rs. 5,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid instalment of loan Rs. 25,000 31. 1. 2011 Interest allowed by bank Rs. 8,000 Classification of accounting equation approach with meaning and examples Analysis of transaction –with accounts involved-nature of accountaffects and debit/credit 2 4 10 6 The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Chetan, a small businessman. Do you think it is correct? If not, rewrite it in the correct form. Debits Stock Purchases Returns outwards Rs. Credits 8250 Capital 12750 Sales 700 Returns inwards Rs. 10000 15900 1590 Discount received Wages and salaries Rent and rates Sundry debtors Bank Overdraft 800 2500 1850 7600 2450 Discount allowed Scooty Carriage charges Sundry creditors Bills payable 800 1750 700 7250 690 Journal entries of all the transactions Conclusion 3 6 10 4 From the given trial balance draft an Adjusted Trial Balance. Trial Balance as on 31. 03. 2011 Debit balances Furniture and Fittings Buildings Rs. Credit balances Rs. 10000 Bank Over Draft 16000 500000 Capital Account 400000 Sales Returns 1000 Purchase Returns 4000 Bad Debts 2000 Sundry Creditors 30000 Sundry Debtors 25000 Commission Purchases 90000 Sales Advertising 20000 Cash 10000 Taxes and Insurance 235000 5000 General Expenses 5000 7000 Salaries TOTAL 20000 690000 TOTAL 690000 Adjustments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Charge depreciation at 10% on Buildings and Furniture and fittings. Write off further bad debts 1000 Taxes and Insurance prepaid 2000 Outstanding salaries 5000 Commission received in advance1000 Preparation of ledger accounts Preparation of trial balance 4 6 10 4 Compute trend ratios and comment on the financial performance of Infosys Technologies Ltd. from the following extract of its income statements of five years. (in Rs. Crore) Particulars 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 27,501 22,742 21,693 16,692 13,893 Operating Profit (PBIDT) 8,968 7,861 7,195 5,238 4,391 PAT from ordinary activities 6,835 6,218 5,988 4,659 3,856 Revenue (Source: Infosys Technologies Ltd. – Annual Report) Preparation of trend analysis Preparation of trend ratios 4 Conclusion 5 4 10 2 Give the meaning of cash flow analysis and put down the objectives of cash flow analysis. Explain the preparation of cash flow statement. Meaning of cash flow analysis Objectives of cash flow analysis 3 Explanation of preparation of cash flow analysis 6 2 10 5 Write the assumptions of marginal costing. Differentiate between absorption costing and marginal costing. Assumptions of marginal costing (all 7 points) 4 Differences of marginal and absorption costing (Includes all 8 6 points) 10

Essay --

†¢ Kite Runner, published by Riverhead Books, and that first appearance became an international bestseller and dearly loved classic, sold in at least 70 countries and staying more than a 100 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. In May 2007, Hoesseini’s second novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, was at #1 on the New York Times bestseller list. Collectively, the 2 books have sold more than ten million copies in the US and more than thirty eight million copies globally. The Kite Runner was modified into a detailed novel of the similar name in 2011. †¢ Overall it is a good book: well written and well expressed, persuasive, attention-grabbing concept, convincing characters, an open plot but a little too dragged theme. The story is very alluring but I didn't really take (or rather found) pleasure in reading it. It wasn’t a struggle flipping through the pages, and some parts definitely held me back from reading the book, especially when Hassan dies. I could not register the fact that Hassan, the heart of the tale, has been removed from the plot line midway through the book. It left me ...

Health and Nutrition Worksheet Essay

Use Ch. 1, 2, & 3 of Visualizing Nutrition, supplemental course materials, the University Library, the Internet, or other resources to answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be 75 to 100 words. 1.What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? For me nutrition would be eating the right types of food in order to maintain your body healthy. Nutrition is very essential to our daily lives because without proper nutrition our bodies would be fully functional. Either you would be tired or weak everyday no matter how much sleep you get or how long you’re at the gym for, again without the proper nutrition’s your body wouldn’t be fully functional. 2.What is the connection between nutrition and health? The connection between nutrition and health is that no matter what you do, everything starts with a foundation. In a house the â€Å"basement† would be the foundation, the part that’s holding the house up. But with our health, proper nutrition would be our foundation to a healthy lifestyle. 3.What is the relationship between poor nutrition and disease? The relationship between poor nutrition and disease is that with poor nutrition you are going to be more prone to catching a disease because your body is going to be weak and isn’t going to stand a chance against a virus. 4.What does it mean to eat a balanced diet? Why is food choice important for good nutrition? For me a balanced diet would be eating the right types and amounts of foods and drinks to help your body get the right amount of nutrition it needs, this means that if your body needs just 1 cup of wheat and 2 cups of fruits then that’s what you’re getting, not more or not less. Food choice is important for good nutrition because if you don’t get the right food that will satisfy your â€Å"pyramid† then you’re going to have too  much of one thing and not enough of the other which will lead to an unbalanced diet. 5.Why is physical activity important to a person’s health? What changes, if any, should you make to ensure you get enough physical activity? Physical activity is important because it can improve your health and reduce the risk you developing certain kind of diseases. Also by being active it will also help you stay fit and prolong your life rather than just being at home and being a couch potato which will hurt you a lot, because I am in the military I believe that I am already fit, sometimes I even think I’m getting too much physical activity, we workout 5 days a week and 4 out of the 5 days we work out in the morning and afternoon. 6.What influences your food choices? Why? What influences the food I pick would be a variety of things such as how it smells, looks, taste and most of all my culture. I’m Puerto Rican so I was brought up eating rice and beans for me food wasn’t food unless rice and beans were included. But around ten years old I moved to New York where its multicultural so that’s where I started tasting all different kinds of food such as Italian, Dominican, and real Chinese food, and realized that in order for something to be ‘food’ rice and beans’ didn’t have to be included. What also influences the food I pick depends on my son, me and my wife wont usually cook something that he doesn’t like but he’s so picky at times that we just make something healthy for all of us and he won’t eat it, I would have to feed it to him in order for him to eat it. 7.What is the difference between digesting protein and carbohydrates? Which would make you feel fuller longer? Why? The difference between digesting protein and digesting carbohydrates is that proteins are digested into amino acids while carbohydrates are digested into simple sugars. Also carbohydrates are converted into glucose which are then stored in the body and Proteins are broken down into amino acids which then are used to build and repair body tissues. I believe that protein will make you feel fuller because you don’t have to eat as much in order to satisfy your hunger. 8.How does today’s society affect our nutritional habits? Our society today affects our nutritional habits tremendously It’s so hard to control our food portion because of the food industries in the United States. Right now for example we could go down the street to McDonalds and order a Big Mac meal. Now the Big Mac alone has about 550 calories but then they give you some fries with the Big Mac and a fountain drink. Now if you were brought up like how I was, which was your mother or father yelling at you and telling you, â€Å"you need to eat everything on my plate†, then of course you are going to inherit those habits and you’re going to be eating everything they give you, and that of course unhealthy. You’re going to be eating a lot more than what you’re supposed to, making us gain weight and even have health issues. 9.How are nutrients used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, acts as a source of fuel within your cells. Formed from a series of chemical reactions, carbohydrates, proteins and fats can all be converted into ATP following digestion. One type of food that provides a source of ATP is meat and fish. These foods contain several animal cells, with each cell containing preformed ATP. The nutrients found within meats and fish may also provide a source of ATP within your body. Upon consumption, the fatty acids and proteins in meats and fish are digested and absorbed. If your body requires an immediate source of energy, these nutrients are used to make ATP within your own cells, helping to fuel your body. 10.Consider your personal dietary habits. What are some modifications you might make to promote good health? My personal dietary habits are eating only two meals a day and just drink water or powerade throughout the rest of the day. Which I know now that is a terrible idea, skipping meals isn’t good for us. In them two meals I eat a day, since I’m always at the gym I eat a lot of meat to intake a lot of protein, and with the meat I would eat about 1.5 cups of rice and .5 cups of beans, which is diffidently not maintaining a balanced diet at all. Some modifications I might make to promote good health would be to not skip meals, and maintain a balanced diet, not too much and not too less.

Two Peg Test

FIELD WORK TITLE FIELD WORK TITLE Two peg test INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Two Peg Test is a surveying operation carried out to determine whether the leveling bubble and telescope line of sight are parallel. OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE Peg Test is a surveying operation carried out to determine if the leveling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line of collimation) are parallel. TOOLS TOOLS Dumpy levelTripod Staff Tape Bubble staff FIELD WORK PROCEDURE FIELD WORK PROCEDURE . Each group is required to perform a peg test to check the instrument. ii. Each person in the group is record the results of the Peg Test in their own field book. iii. Set out and mark on the ground (with wooden pegs driven into the ground) two point some 15 m apart. iv. Instrument is set up midway between two point A and B. v. Staff is read on each staff point A and point B and the height difference is calculated. Made sure the bubble staff is center vi. Next, instrument is moved about 5m behind the point B. nd staff at point A and point B is read. vii. Record the data. RESULT RESULT Point A1 – point B1 =1. 312 – 1. 310 =0. 002m Point A2 – point B2 =1. 239 – 1. 238 =0. 001m STN 1 – STN 2 = 0. 002 – 0. 001 =0. 001m =1mm ? <  ± 2mm ANALYSIS ANALYSIS The error is  ±2mm so it can be accepted. The instrument is in good condition and can used in field work. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION The instrument can be determined the leveling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line of collimation) are parallel.

Witness for the Prosecution

Witness for the Prosecution Nancy HallMs. FieldsEng. 091 (9:25am-10:40am)September 24, 2014"Witness for the Prosecution'The movie 'Witness for the Prosecution is based on a play, written by Agatha Christie (1891-1976). Both are a good read/watch that will keep you guessing what's going to happen next. Who killed Emily French? A wealthy middle aged woman. But there's many differences in the two!Sir Wilfrid Robarts is a stubborn man in both play and movie. Whereas in the movie he's on his way home, with his nurse Miss Plimsoll. Recovering from a heart attack, Sir Wilfrid is asked to defend Leonard Stephen Vole. The prime suspect in the murder case of Emily French. Leonard is a charming man, having his way with women. Only problem is he's a married man but Emily doesn't know that. She falls for him, making a new well leaving 80,000 pounds to him, in her death.Cropped screenshot of Tyrone Power from the traile...He is arrested and charged with the murder of Emily. Swearing his innocence. And that his wife would tes tify on his behalf. And clear him in both play and movie.Right when you think Leonard is innocent, Sir Wilford interviews Christine, a German lady, which seems to want Leonard to stay in jail for the murder in the movie. In the play she doesn't care and seems to be telling the truth but confused. In the movie she dresses like another woman to give evidence to save her husband and that she really loves him.Only to find out in the end that everything you thought you knew was wrong. He isn't innocent like I thought, Christine isn't guilty! Leonard's girlfriend comes in and he pretty much laughs in everyone's face. Leonard is the killer and Christine (heartbroken), grabs a knife and kills Leonard.

The Oil and Gas Industry

The Oil and Gas Industry Background The oil and gas industry is the means for Nigeria’s economy. The upstream oil and gas industry remains the most important sector of the country’s economy.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Oil and Gas Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistical Energy Survey by BP 2012 estimated that â€Å"Nigeria had oil reserves of 37.2 billion barrels at the end of 2011, equivalent to 41.4 years of current production and 2.25 % of the worlds reserves while the country produced an average of 2457.3 thousand barrels of crude oil per day in 2011, which represented 2.93% of the world† (MBendi, 2013). According the BP Statistical Energy Survey 2011, Nigeria had 5.29 trillion cubic metres of gas. However, a poor infrastructure has affected the distribution of the gas. It flares 75 percent and re-injects 12 percent of the gas produced. However, the country wanted a zero percent flare by 2010. The government also intended to increase revenues from export of gas by 50 percent. The country’s downstream oil and gas industry also has important roles in the sector. However, it faces a myriad of challenges, such as fire, poor management, corruption, sabotage, vandalism, and poor maintenance. As a result, such refineries have never â€Å"operated above 40 percent capacity† (MBendi, 2013). Therefore, the country cannot meet the internal demand for oil and gas, and it has turned to imports in order to supplement the shortage. The country has an active petrochemical industry based on its refining abilities and demands. The current situation of Nigeria is risky for production and proper management of the sector. For instance, Nigeria experiences political unrest, border problems, and inadequate funding from the government coupled with corruption. Such problems have affected the promotion of best practices in the oil and gas industry of Nigeria. Information techno logy in the oil and gas industry Technological developments in the oil and gas industry have transformed the sector in advanced areas like the US (NaturalGas.org, 2011). There are innovations that have changed the oil and gas industry in many OPEC member states. Consequently, the roles of technology in oil and gas industry, particularly in explorations and productions have had deep impacts on the potential of the sector.Advertising Looking for dissertation on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The applications of information technology (IT) and other innovations in exploration and production of oil and gas have equipped the sector with the required practices and equipment for continuous efficiency in production of oil and gas to meet the world demands. The aims of the IT and other innovations are to ensure safe exploration and production and environmental friendly practices. Usages of such technol ogies in exploration and production aim to mitigate challenges that arise from ‘unconventional’ sources of natural gas like shale rock. Specifically, agendas of IT in the oil and gas industry have been to provide superior and integrated database with high-end visualisation and communication capabilities for oil and gas information management. Such innovations are also useful in managing petroleum geological information and improving observation of the sector. The overall aim is to improve production through efficient drilling quality that protects the environment, and reduce costs. Some major oil and gas firms like Chevron, Shell, Mobil, and BP also work in Nigeria. They have applied information technology in their practices in the sector. The involvement and activities of these firms remain extensive and critical for the success of the country’s oil and gas industry. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the impact of information technology in the oil and g as industry in Nigeria. Study problems The cost of oil and gas exploration in Nigeria is high due to a myriad of challenges in the sector. For instance, there is a slow rate of gathering data that are fundamental for seismic activities, reservoir characteristics, and monitoring. Moreover, availability and sharing of data are also challenges in the sector. As a result, the cost of drilling has increased. However, IT in the industry should enhance efficiency, protect the environment, eliminate emissions, and improve identification, mapping, and understanding of source rocks.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Oil and Gas Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Objectives This study aims to indentify impacts of information technology in the oil and gas industry of Nigeria. Specifically, the study shall show how adoption of information technology in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria has affected various area s. To investigate the effect of information technology on cost of production To assess the level of efficiency as a result of adopting information technology in the industry To highlight impacts of information technology on risk mitigation and management in the oil and gas industry To investigate effectiveness of information technology in production processes To assess the environmental impacts of adopting information technology the oil and gas industry of Nigeria These are the most critical considerations for the use of information technology in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Relevance of the research Limited data exist on the impact of information technology in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. However, data should be available in the volatile oil and gas industry of Nigeria that faces many challenges. Besides, the increase in demands for oil and gas has created opportunities for advanced practices in the sector. Studies in information technology can help in developing th e oil and gas industry in Nigeria by providing a basis for drafting technology policies and procedures for the industry. Therefore, the research shall provide useful information for oil and gas firms, government agencies, industry stakeholders, and researchers in the oil and gas industry. Review of available literature Studies about the use and impacts of information technology in the oil and gas industry of Nigeria are rare. Currently, there has been growing attention for alternative energy that can replace fossil fuels. However, the oil and gas industry has changed its practices in order to meet challenges of providing clean and cost-effective energy. In this regard, the use of information technology has been the most important element in the dynamic oil and gas industry because it has assisted in mitigating the environmental impacts and increasing efficiency in exploration, production, and supply of oil and gas (Edwards, Ishaq and Johnsen, 2010).Advertising Looking for dissertation on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the global level, the oil and gas industry is diverse because of various government policies, uneven distribution, and technological capabilities of workers. Players in the oil and gas industry have expressed their concerns about external risks, which may disrupt the oil and gas industry. For instance, Thales notes that exploration and drilling activities have become dangerous in many oil fields, including Nigeria (Thales, n.d). Therefore, the need for advanced physical and data security is paramount. Moreover, field operations also need risk assessment in order to mitigate risks. The process needs recognition of potential risks, the creation of boundaries, evaluation of security consequences, and developing business recovery plan. The oil and gas industry participants also note that industry characteristics are important for planning. For instance, oil and gas firms require abilities to operate in volatile frontiers, they need new skills and knowledge, understand dynamic governm ent regulations, and the need for hydrocarbon fuels. Moreover, the changes and competitive industry has favoured national oil companies. As a result, multinational firms face challenges of energy source availability as focus shifts to new oil fields and emerging markets. A number of changes that affect the oil and gas industry require firms to act now in order to position themselves for future operations. Solutions to these challenges are in leveraging information technologies in order to enhance development of vibrant oil and gas resources, improve recovery from current fields, eliminate environmental challenges, and find alternative sources of energy. Clear strategies for mitigating such challenges require a focus on information technology. First, develop performance management in the oil and gas business units, costs, assets, and various processes based on best practices within the field. Second, the information technology should address the enterprise-wide risks by developing go vernance systems that can continuously recognise and control various risks in the firm and various locations. Third, information technology should address operational excellence in the industry. This can happen through creating value to the environment, enhancing quality, and enabling cost reduction strategies. Third, the solution should also focus on people management. The aim is to align the right personnel with the right goals, activities, and processes. Information technology has to enhance decision-making in these processes (Roge, Rydl and Simpson, 2004). Finally, the effective use of information technology should assist the industry to create adaptive business model, which can integrate various value chains, operation units, technologies, and partners. Research methodology This section provides the framework of collecting the required data to meet research objectives. Howe and Eisenhardt note that in the final analysis, â€Å"methodology must be judged by how well it informs research purposes, more than how well it matches a set of conventions† (Howe Eisenhardt, 1990). In this regard, these authors argue that the research methodology must provide data that answer the research questions, has coherent background assumptions, and methods applied work well enough to provide credible results. Research method We have various methods of addressing data collection in a study. These methods address both design and measurement challenges in a study. In this research, we shall apply both qualitative and quantitative methods to gather the required data. Qualitative approach shall address non-numerical factors of impacts of information technology in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. Thus, it shall provide descriptive and interpretative information. On the other hand, quantitative research shall address numerical information from quantitative research variables. It shall permit the researcher to have high-levels of confidence in making normal inferences (Tr ochim, 2006). Target of research This research targets managers in information technology departments in government agencies, private oil and gas firms, and industry stakeholders in Nigeria. This group has valuable information about the application and impacts of information technology in the oil and gas industry. Data collection method The study shall utilise a variety of data collection methods. Survey questionnaires shall provide the researcher with the flexibility of using telephone, mail, Internet, or paper to gather information from various respondents. In addition, there shall also be interviews by telephone where appropriate. The aim of the interview is to get information in in-depth about impacts of IT in the industry. The researcher may also use Web survey tools like e-mail or online in order to save costs and time. The researcher shall ensure validity of measurement tools i.e., all research instruments shall measure what they purport to measure. Thus, the study instrument s are specific to the study. The researcher shall use these approaches in order to gather data from sufficient respondents. Sampling This is a mixed research method. However, the method for sampling shall be purposive (non-random) sampling. The sample shall be large enough to allow the researcher to generalise where necessary. The large sample shall provide opportunities for hermeneutic analysis of gathered data (Bazeley, 2002). According to Bazeley, we can perform such analysis because of computer programmes that can perform data analysis from both qualitative and quantitative sources. Purposeful sampling will not attempt to gather data from the representatives of the samples. Instead, the researcher shall focus on respondents who can provide rich information on impacts of information technology on the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. Such data are useful for in-depth analysis of the study issue. Thus, the researcher shall purposefully focus on IT managers in oil firms and governme nt oil agencies in order to gather a great deal of data about the study purpose. Sample size The researcher shall rely on samples from ‘information rich’ sources in multinational firms. The sample size shall also include government agencies in charge of the oil and gas in Nigeria. The researcher is yet to identify the total sample size from the total target organisations. Data Analysis The researcher shall clean data after collection. They researcher shall organise the results based on themes of impacts of IT on the oil and gas industry. For qualitative data, the research shall code common themes, whereas quantitative data shall be numerically organised (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The researcher shall use SPSS data analysis software in order to analyse data from mixed sources (Pallant, 2005). This shall provide opportunities for the researcher to analyse qualitative data after coding. The researcher shall also present descriptive statistics for quantitative data and use analytical framework approaches for qualitative data (Wolcott, 1994). The researcher shall also ensure credibility of the data collected for analysis. This process requires the researcher to describe any factor that may the outcome of the study (Patton, 2002). This ensures internal validity in quantitative study. Likewise, the researcher shall ensure external validity of the study by ensuring transferability. The researcher shall describe research contexts and assumptions. The researcher shall then present the study outcome through presentations to the professors, institutions, students, and other related stakeholders. Ethical issues The researcher shall observe all principles of ethics in research as Beauchamp and Childress highlight (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). The researcher shall also present the research to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for approval before the study. Moreover, the researcher shall gain informed consents of all research participants before the study begins (Pimple, 2006). The research shall not harm any human subject. The researcher shall ensure: Respect for the autonomous choices of persons Confidentiality Protection of all participants Not collection of personal information without the consent of the respondent Opportunity to withdraw Professional code of ethics of the university Research Timetable Time Schedule April April May June July Ethical Form Approval Literature Review Research Design Questionnaire formulation Pretest of research questionnaires Reviewing research questionnaires Data Collection, cleaning, coding and analysis Post-field study Data Analysis and interpretation of findings Presentation of research findings, conclusion and recommendation Reference List Bazeley, P 2002, Computerized data analysis for mixed methods research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Beauchamp, T Childress, F 2001, Principles of biomedical ethics, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Edwards, S, Ishaq, O and Johnsen, Ø 2010, Oil and Gas 2030: Meeting the growing demands for energy in the coming decades, IBM Global Business Services, Somers, NY. Howe, K Eisenhardt, M 1990, ‘Standards for qualitative (and quantitative) research: A prolegomenon’, Educational Researcher, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 2-9. MBendi 2013, Oil and Gas in Nigeria: An Overview. Web. Miles, M and Huberman, A. 1994, Qualitative Data Analysis – An Expanded Sourcebook, Sage Publication, London. NaturalGas.org 2011, Natural Gas and Technology. Web. Pallant, J 2005, SPSS Survival Manual, Ligare, Sydney. Patton, Q 2002, Qualitative research and evaluation methods, 3rd edn, Sage, Newbury Park, CA. Pimple, K 2006, Protection of human subjects in non-biomedical research: A tutorial. Web. Roge, J, Rydl, L and Simpson, C 2004, ‘Wireless Technology uses in the Oil and Gas Industry’, Issues in Information Systems, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 666-672. Thales. (n.d). Security Solutions for the Oi l Gas Industry. Web. Trochim, W 2006, The Research Methods Knowledge Base, 2nd edn, Atomic Dog Publishing, Cincinnati, OH. Wolcott, H 1994, Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Why I became an independent book designer Reedsy

Why I became an independent book designer Reedsy The success story of an independent book designer: An interview with Mark Ecob Have you done much work with independent authors? If so, is there anything different about it?Loads. When I started my company, I made it my business to seek that kind of brief in an ever-changing publishing landscape. Now, a good proportion of my work is for independents, self-publishing platforms or ventures like Unbound who bring books to readers in new ways.It’s definitely simpler and you’re given greater freedom. The best independent authors are receptive to industry expertise, which still has a massive part to play.It’s also very rewarding to know that the work you do can bring someone’s book to life, and hopefully success. In a large publishing house, I felt disconnected from the authors. Now I work directly with them, I’ve realised why I do what I do.Thanks for your time Mark.Check out other #freelancerfriday interviews on our blog!Have a look at Mark Ecob’s profile on Reedsy, or even ask him for a quote!

Global Security Has Evidently Hindered the Enjoyments of Human Rights Research Paper - 2

Global Security Has Evidently Hindered the Enjoyments of Human Rights - Research Paper Example â€Å"Terrorism has the potential to undermine civil society, destabilize governments, threaten economic and social development and importantly pose danger to global peace† (126). All these factors have a direct and visible impact on the delights of human rights. Needless to say, security, by all means, is a basic human right, and the protection of the citizens is as well basic obligation of any government. States and a government evidently have an obligation to guarantee the human rights of their citizens and other visitors by instituting positive measures to counter terrorism and apprehending the offenders to face justice. (Mack, pp. 14) The United Nations saw its emergence in 1945 above all; it was born to save future generations from the bitter scourge of war. It would guard human security and ensure that the horrors of the World Wars have never occurred again. Sixty years down the line, we are all familiar with the biggest global security threats we face now, and in intuitively, the decenniums ahead stretches beyond States waging destructive war. They extend to environmental degradation and infectious disease; poverty; violence and war amongst states; the spread and potential use of nuclear, biological, chemical and radiological weapons; and trans-boundary organized crime; terrorism. The threats range from state as well as non-State actors and State security to human security. The major preoccupation of the UN organizers was firmly held to State security (Nowak, pp 125). When the state members concurred on creating a new system of collective state security, they defined that in the traditional military sense: a system in which every States would join hand and pledge that â€Å"aggression against one is aggression against all†(pp. 13), and fully commit themselves in that happening to respond collectively.

The importance of an enterprise resource planning system Essay

The importance of an enterprise resource planning system - Essay Example The three tier architecture of client server is exploited to a great extent by enterprise resource planning. For ERP systems other enabling technologies comprise of Workflow, Group Ware, Work Group, Data Warehousing, Electronic Data Interchange, Intranet, the Internet, etc. There are some important characteristics of ERP that has made this framework beneficial for all contemporary organizations as highlighted in figure 1. Firstly, the flexibility of ERP in terms of responding to any form of organizational changes. The technology of client server supports ERP to access a wide array of database ends. An ERP framework demands an open system architecture. This indicates that any module can be detached as and when required without causing an impact on other modules. ERP system is comprehensive by nature since it needs to support various functions. This system is not just confined to the organizational boundary and needs to deliver best business practices. The major areas benefitting throu gh these systems are inventory management, procurement or supplier management, financial management, customer flexibility or responsiveness and personnel management. In the overall context, ERP provides multi-facility, multi-platform, multi-mode manufacturing, multilingual and multi-currency facilities. ERP also helps to reduce information gap existing between organizations. Business benefits from ERP with examples ERP systems are able to provide a competitive advantage to all organizations in terms of increasing business performance.

Domestic violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Domestic violence - Research Paper Example I would also use movement exercise in which the members would make a circle and run jump around in unison around while holding hands; this is useful since it helps them develop trust as well as remember the activities and discussions that are held on that day owing to the excitement of movement. As a leader, my effectiveness will be judged consciously and unconsciously by the members of the group depending on my ability to conduct this exercise effectively. Thus I must ensure that I am firm but gentle and so that all the members respect my instructions and follow them, that way I will establish my role as the director of activities to all the members. Furthermore, as a leader, the manner in which the members perform their activities will give me invaluable insight into their characters and emotional stability thus I will have a good understanding of the different members which is key if one is to successfully manage a group. For a group to be effective the leader must steer clear of certain common mistakes that; when made in the middle stage can undermine the overall purpose of the group and its objectives, these mistakes include: Overloading or underleading the group; this is when the leader either focus too much on uninteresting material and ends up boring the group or when they literally turns it over to the members in an attempt at democracy undermining the leadership role (Jacobs et al., 2010). Another common mistake is organizing too few exercises; this may go wrong if the excitement meant to be generated by the planned exercise does not materialize and they had no back up. Other mistakes include choosing boring speakers or letting focus on the main objective stray for too long and this often results in the members, either losing interest or the objective of the meeting being overlooked. In my group I would ensure to I avoid these mistakes and use my knowledge in counseling psychology as well the various activities to ensure I remain focused on the object ive; which is to help them help each other cope with their problems while at the same time making the sessions fun enough for them to remain interested throughout. Domestic abuse can be broadly described as when power is used by one adult in a relationship to control the other, it can take a variety of forms ranging from; physical sexual, emotional financial and psychological. This abuse is mostly common among women as they are victimized by their male partners and spouses; according to WHO, the frequency of sexual and physical violence by a partner rangers between 29 to 71 % (Kaur & Garg, 2008). The reason women have been on the receiving end of domestic violence for so long can be attributed to several factors; traditionally, many human societies viewed women as weak and vulnerable and it was the norm to brutalize them. Today, despite the radical changes in the perception of woman, certain social economic factors and in some parts of the world such as India cultural factors seem t o permit and encourage domestic abuse. Abuse in any form often has detrimental effects on women’s health this is because even if they are not physically harmed, they will suffer from a myriad of psychological

Virtual Learning Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Learning Environment - Essay Example There are various advantages associated with the use of ILT and the VLE as educational learning supporting tools. Accessibility is one such advantage associated with the use of VLE, mainly for students with special needs, and for those of part time and distance learning (Herman, 2004 p120). Since the tools associated with the VLE can be accessed from any point by the students, it allows tutors to address their students through channels such as videos, voice and sounds as well as pictures. Thus, this creates conveniences for students who cannot present themselves to class due to various reasons. Students with special needs who may have difficulties attending to such classes can sit at the convenience of their rooms and access the lesson from there. Better, is the convenience created for the distance-learning students who may not be able to travel to a certain country to access the education program but can easily access it from their mother countries through VLE. Part time students ca n also attend to the lessons at their convenient time, since they may not be able to present themselves during the class time, as they may be occupied with their jobs or other activities (Herman, 2004 p133). VLE is also beneficial to students who are slow learners, since it allows them to repeat the lessons taught later on, at their own pace, so they can understand better. The other advantage associated with VLE is the interactivity it provides the parties involved in the learning process. There is a great deal of interactivity between the students and their teachers, which involves instant feedbacks given to the questions asked by the students to their teachers. The teacher can easily access the progress of the student and thus correct them instantly on the mistakes they make in the process of undertaking their assignment, as there is no time lag between the presentation of the assignment and the marking (Herman, 2004 p125). VLE affords an opportunity for students to undertake thei r learning activities in a self-directed manner, thus allowing them to understand and synthesize all the details in a particular lesson. The other element of interactivity created by VLE is the customization of the learning process and activities, whereby the students learning process are individualized, enhancing their understanding of the content of the lessons taught (Herman, 2004 p118). Since the students are involved in the actual undertaking of the activities as prescribed in the VLE learning guide, they happen to understand the content better. Communication is a great advantage provided by VLE as a learning tool. Such facilities as the bulletin boards as provided by this tool serves to enhance the communication between the student and the tutor. This facility can be utilized as a means of evaluating the sources that the students can refer to regarding the lessons and topic they are learning (Herman, 2004 p130). This facility is an effective communication tool for distance lea rning, by offering real time communication. Communication is also enhanced through group work, which is a vital and relevant part of learning for students. More important is the alerts that this facility allows the students, notifying them when the teacher is available to address their issues (Herman, 2004 p119). Communication is enhanced through a structured program thus affording the students an opportunity to undertake revision throughout the

Individual Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual - Assignment Example Apart from these MySpace has a wide variety of applications like a special classifieds page which allows opportunity for the user to buy and sell products online. Thus, this company offers opportunity to expand a business into varying horizons. MySpace also offers sale of goods hassle free and with minimum overheads. The site maximizes the opportunity for product exposure through its advertisements on the website. MySpace offers business marketing. â€Å"It takes managerial talent to identify whether or not the firm has valuable resources and capabilities and to decide how best to use them to maximize returns† (Brickley 2007, p. 247). Organizational architecture is one of the key elements behind the successful functioning of any business. As a manager, it is necessary to create and sustain value and it can be done through the creation of multiple fronts and multiple pathways. â€Å"MySpace is, for identity exploration, engaging in social comparison and expressing idealized aspects of the selves they wish to become† (Manago et al. 2008, para. 1). MySpace also creates an identity for its users and they realize their own self. Besides, it allows the users unlimited flexibility to share their content. â€Å"According to the Pew Internet Project, MySpace is the most dominant social network among teens, used by 85% of teenagers who use social networks† (Hall 2011, para. 3). Since the majority of MySpace customers are teenagers, it can offer documented school researches which would be helpful to the teenagers. It can also provide a platform for promoting artistic talent. However, it may keep a restricting check on its users with respect to viewing of porn and other anti-social activities. In this way, it would be able to target more and more customers because once its offers restricted use, then the parent’s anxieties will be satisfied and they will also become members of the site. In this way MySpace

Virtual Learning Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Learning Environment - Essay Example There are various advantages associated with the use of ILT and the VLE as educational learning supporting tools. Accessibility is one such advantage associated with the use of VLE, mainly for students with special needs, and for those of part time and distance learning (Herman, 2004 p120). Since the tools associated with the VLE can be accessed from any point by the students, it allows tutors to address their students through channels such as videos, voice and sounds as well as pictures. Thus, this creates conveniences for students who cannot present themselves to class due to various reasons. Students with special needs who may have difficulties attending to such classes can sit at the convenience of their rooms and access the lesson from there. Better, is the convenience created for the distance-learning students who may not be able to travel to a certain country to access the education program but can easily access it from their mother countries through VLE. Part time students ca n also attend to the lessons at their convenient time, since they may not be able to present themselves during the class time, as they may be occupied with their jobs or other activities (Herman, 2004 p133). VLE is also beneficial to students who are slow learners, since it allows them to repeat the lessons taught later on, at their own pace, so they can understand better. The other advantage associated with VLE is the interactivity it provides the parties involved in the learning process. There is a great deal of interactivity between the students and their teachers, which involves instant feedbacks given to the questions asked by the students to their teachers. The teacher can easily access the progress of the student and thus correct them instantly on the mistakes they make in the process of undertaking their assignment, as there is no time lag between the presentation of the assignment and the marking (Herman, 2004 p125). VLE affords an opportunity for students to undertake thei r learning activities in a self-directed manner, thus allowing them to understand and synthesize all the details in a particular lesson. The other element of interactivity created by VLE is the customization of the learning process and activities, whereby the students learning process are individualized, enhancing their understanding of the content of the lessons taught (Herman, 2004 p118). Since the students are involved in the actual undertaking of the activities as prescribed in the VLE learning guide, they happen to understand the content better. Communication is a great advantage provided by VLE as a learning tool. Such facilities as the bulletin boards as provided by this tool serves to enhance the communication between the student and the tutor. This facility can be utilized as a means of evaluating the sources that the students can refer to regarding the lessons and topic they are learning (Herman, 2004 p130). This facility is an effective communication tool for distance lea rning, by offering real time communication. Communication is also enhanced through group work, which is a vital and relevant part of learning for students. More important is the alerts that this facility allows the students, notifying them when the teacher is available to address their issues (Herman, 2004 p119). Communication is enhanced through a structured program thus affording the students an opportunity to undertake revision throughout the

Creating a media relations campaign for BBC, UK - Case Study Essay

Creating a media relations campaign for BBC, UK - Case Study - Essay Example The BBC World Service relay both news and current affairs programmes to the world through radio, TV and online broadcasts. These services are also available in around 32 languages of the different countries around the globe. Since its formation in the 1920s, the BBC had been enjoying the broadcasting market free of competition until the 1950s when the viewer preference changed due to technological advancements (Mennen, 2011). The viewers opted for a broadcasting service that was impartial and quite cheap in terms of financial spending. This led to the establishment of the UK’s Independent Broadcasting Commission that consequently issued broadcasting licenses to the then newly established Independent Television (ITV). These two televisions enjoyed the fruits of broadcasting until a third competitor in the market (the BSKYB broadcaster) officially launched. The BSKYB broadcaster changed the broadcasting culture by including the American news journalism and making its services available exclusively through the satellite. The services of BSKYB were, as well, relatively cheap as they were available on a monthly subscription (Mennen, 2011). This competition was the beginning of the challenges and issue s of the BBC Corporation that this paper seeks to address through a media relations campaign. The recent years has seen growth in the popularity of strategic management mainly accredited to Gary Hamal, C.K. Prahalad and Michael Porter (Harris, & Wegg-Prosser, 2007). Among the various concepts introduced by Hamel and Prahalad include the concept of core competency which basically refers to the activities that are employed by a company and gives it a competitive advantage in the industry in which they operate. To this regard, it is evident that BBC continues to be brand with popular presence thanks to its long lasting commitment to quality and innovation. Right from 2007, a very

The history of art Essay Example for Free

The history of art Essay The history of art is closely related with the common history. With this statement I’d like to highlight the close connection between â€Å"culture wars† and the history of civil rights, especially in the USA. After the struggle for equal treatment for people of any gender or race it was time to start struggle for equal treatment for people of different sexuality. The issue of norm and perversion in the human sexuality is always under debate in the society. Jonathan Katz made some researches of the social aspect of homosexuality, in particular he observed the relationship between the art and â€Å"culture wars†, but I’d like to point out his other observation. In his article â€Å"The Invention of Heterosexuality† Katz tells that the very term â€Å"heterosexuality† has the medical origin, and it gained the meaning of social norm only after the World War II. The term â€Å"heterosexuality† as the sexual norm has, according to Katz, social not biological nature. Thus, the taboo on open homosexuality had not natural but social origin and thus it could be lifted. In 1980s the struggle against the taboo on open homosexuality reflected in the different forms of postmodernism art. Thus, Robert Mapplethorpe created a series of black-and white photography with the homosexual thematic. He proclaimed the aesthetics of naked male bodies including genitals and the homosexual erotic. His works as well the works of other artist, who proclaimed homosexuality, had a wide social resonance. Some influential Senators started the campaign against the homosexuality, contrasting it with Christian moral and family values and linking homosexuality with the AIDS epidemic. The role of art in the â€Å"culture wars† was to convince the society to change the attitude to homosexuals. For now it is possible to say that the attitude really changed to more tolerant. The art proclaiming homosexuality undoubtedly was one of the influential factors in changing the situation. References Jonathan Ned Katz. The Invention of Heterosexuality. 1995. Retrieved July 11 2010 from http://kasamaproject. org/2008/06/27/katz-the-invention-of-heterosexuality/ Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation website. Retrieved July 11 2010 from http://www. mapplethorpe. org/foundation. html Robert Summers, Art History Visual Culture. http://ospace. otis. edu/robtsum/Contemporary_Video_and_Body_Art_Practices, accessed 09 July 2010

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting: a Novel Approach

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting: a Novel Approach ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTING, A NOVEL APPROACH Author: Abdul Latif Sheikh*, Ale Zehra*, Salwa Zubair*, Muhammad Zeeshan Khan* ABSTRACT: Globally adverse drug reactions (ADRs) has major contribution in public health cost mortality ratio. Therefore it’s a crucial time for an ongoing ADR-monitoring and new easy advance reporting program which provides benefits to the health care professionals patients. The aim of hosting a ADRs reporting modern tactic by the Department of Pharmacy Services,Aga Khan University Hospital ,Karachi,Pakistan(AKUH)(a tertiary care setup), is to perceive the outcome of spontaneous reporting of ADRs through call in name of Hot line service its awareness campaign. In addition to manual yellow form and online reporting system,AKUH has launched the program with ADR’s awareness session, memorandum sent through mail small spot quiz with ADRs card to all Doctors, Nurses Pharmacists. The department has fixed its one telephone line for voluntarily reporting of ADRs. Total 08 awareness session has been taken at different forum of AKUH including its associated secondary hospital from Au gust to December with 274 participants while 396 professionals participated in spot quiz activity. On weekly basis ADR’s awareness memo mail was sent to all hospital professionals and ADRs flyers distributed to the wards. Impact of 05 month activity has assessed for its achievement or not. Reporting of ADRs was increase(09%) from 43 to 52 in count with contribution of 29 ADRs, reported via hot line service while the awareness campaign boosted the professionals to report ADRs as pharmacist participation appeared to be increased from 35% to 64%. However different countries and organizations have different technologies for reporting ADRs but by adoption of such a type of modern smart approach which is easy for professionals to report ADRs awareness compaign of ADRs enhance the professional to report ADRs for positive patient out comes safety. Key word: Report ADR through call, Novel technology in ADR reporting, ADRs awareness compaign Introduction: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), occurs at normal doses (used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiologic function), have a considerable adverse impact on the health of the population lead to contribution in health care costs due to hospital admissions (approx.5-6%), suggested the enormous direct and indirect social and economic costs for a society.2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,14, 15,16,17,18. Globally the burden of ADRs is high, accounting for considerable morbidity, mortality and extra cost28 Thalidomide is the first drug whose ADRs was reported in 196019, estimated that 5000-6000 new born infants were effected by drug with characteristic of thalidomide-induced phocomelia, limb defects, often accompanied by deformities of internal organs20,21. Due to reporting of its adverse reaction, it was withdrawn from the world market in late 1961, remaining available only for strictly defined research purposes, 22diverted the attention of health caregiver to chore on reporting system of adverse drug reaction. ADR monitoring or a reduction in their frequency simply cannot happen until and unless they are reported in an efficient and timely manner. Spontaneous reporting is most accessible and easiest method for ADR reporting. WHO has implemented two methods in its public health program, cohort event monitoring (CEM) and targeted spontaneous reporting (TSR). CEM encompasses all drug related issues including poor quality, drug interactions, storage and medication errors23 while in TSR health professionals in specific setting (e.g. patients on drug resistant infection) reports about drug related issues, safety.24 Spontaneous reporting is helpful but is usually prone to under reporting and poor quality reports 25Other methods include intensive monitoring (resource and time consuming)26, chart review (prospective and retrospective), FDA MEDWATCH reporting. One of the most common method is yellow card system which was started 30 years before but the main problem associated with it is under reporting (less than 10%)27 Due to remarkable burden of ADRs globally, 28, 42measures are needed to reduce the frequency of ADRs, healthcare costs and readmissions34, 35and to improve the benefit harm ratio of drug. Fatal ADRs appear to be the 4th or 6th leading cause of death31; it can be reduced by making changes in systems for preventing and detecting adverse drug event(ADEs)29. A study indicates that a computer alert system prevented ADRs which were otherwise not recognizeable29.WHO database contains over 2.5 million case report analysis of this data32 ( 70% were known ADRs ,17% signals requiring further evaluation)33 .Spontaneous reporting is the most common method used in pharmacovigilance and most effective in generating signals on new or rear adverse drug reactions28. Reduction in ADRs will occur only if ADRs are properly reported and the patterns can be studied to identify the causes of ADRs, which will in the end, help to reduce their occurrence.36 Pakistan has been plagued with many health related problems, including ADRs. In Lahore, on Jan- 2012, at least 125 patients died due to an adverse drug reaction(ADRs) due to one of the cardiac medicine, which was adulterated with an antimalarial agent, found on investigation.37, 38However laws for monitoring and forms for reporting ADRs exist in Pakistan but there is no National ADR database.39 In Pakistan, medicines are used on a large scale, but still ADRs reporting is a little known concept. Ministry of health (MOH) has been involved in developing an ADR program, but requires major improvements; widespread implementation being a critical factor. Majority of the hospitals have no ADRs reporting system, others are reporting ADRs restricted to some drugs, and only few hospitals have a proper established ADRs reporting system40. The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), being the premier hospital of Pakistan, also has an established ADRs program, which includes utilizing various technologies to report ADRs; Yellow cards, online reporting, and a recently established ADR reporting hotline service (where reports can be made via telephones). Having multiple technologies available to healthcare professionals to report ADRs makes the task easy and ultimately results in improved patient care.41 Methodology: To enhance the ADRs reporting system in an easiest more efficient way, The Department of Pharmacy services-AKUH, in addition to yellow card online ADRs reporting, tune up to a new spontaneous service in name of ADRs hot line service in which pharmacy fix its one telephone extension for receiving ADRs reporting calls. Caller is the reporting person but the login of ADRs in system is the responsibility of pharmacy by asking the information of about patient’s Medical record number, time date of reaction, suspected drug nature of reaction. Program started from 5th August, 2013 with adoption of following strategies. Aware session at different forum of doctors, pharmacists nurses, distribution of ADRs flyers to different unit of ward ADRs cards inform them about the importance outcomes of ADRs reporting. By taking a small spot quiz of ADRs (policies, how to login, and its outcome e.t.c) to different staff randomly give small prizes for their appreciation encouragement. On weekly basis advertise through mail, sent to all hospital’s professional with different theme of ADRs. Acknowledged with appreciation words to those user who report the ADRs through hot line service for future courage. Collect the monthly data of ADRs reporting count with contribution of hot line service. At end of month Calculate how much this service was affective? Initially the data of 05 month activity was collected to evaluate impact of new services. Table:01 Table:02 Table:03 Result: ADRs reporting trend: PRE ADRs hot line services: Total voluntarily ADR reported = 43 Graph:01 Post ADRs Hot line Service: Total voluntarily ADR reported including Hot line service= 52 Total ADR via Hot line service = 29 Graph:02 # of ADRs Reported Doctor, Nurses Pharmacists. Pre ADRs Hot line service: Graph:03 Post ADRs Hot line service: Graph:04 Discussion: New methodologies in any set up always helpful for its goal achievement. In a current scenario, along with yellow card online reporting system, The Department of Pharmacy Services-AKUH introduces a new spontaneous method of ADRs reporting in name of ADRs Hot Line Service. Program( hot line service its awareness compaign) was started on 5th August -2013 to all hospital’s Doctors, Nurses Pharmacists. Program features includes awareness session,spot quiz, memo through mail. Pre post service comparison indicate the increased in quantity of voluntarily reporting ADRs, from 43 to 52 ( as shown in graph 01 02).Increase in 09% ADRs reporting status indicate that service along with campaign was effective but still need continuous effort in field of ADR reporting technologies34,35. Reporting via manual yellow card has almost zero ( pre post evaluation showed zero reporting)which may be due to presence of online reporting as it is easy convenient as compare to yellow card while gl obally yellow card reporting is also underreporting27. Globally the burden of ADR28, 42 alarm each health care setup to concentrate its way of reporting methodology so as large amount of ADR would be reported. Total reporting trend through hot line service in around 05 month campaign was 29 including from its associated secondary hospitals (06 ADRs reported by Secondary hospital’s doctors Pharmacist) while before campaign there was zero reporting from there. Awareness sessions spot quiz campaign (as shown in table 01 02) over there boost the professionals to report the ADRs for future patient safety. As the campaign also include weekly memo (importance of ADR reporting new service) mail sent to to all professionals, act as enhancement factor for reporting. Total 20 memos have been mailed in 140 days program assesment as shown in table 03. Highest number of total ADRs has been reported in month of September, 2013 (shown in graph 02) i.e 19 its was 2nd month of campaign while least number has been reported in month of November i.e only 2 which may be due to non occurrence of ADRs. Reporting via hot line service was seem to be high in month of September also (as shown in graph 02) while moderate in month of October December (as shown in graph 02) but over all contribution of hot line service in ADRs reporting was good satisficatory certified program to continue in future for patient safety. Though the doctors, pharmacist nurses have an equal accountability to report ADRs but Pharmacist have an vital role in direct patient care through counseling on ADRs, identification and documentation in the patient’s medical record of high-risk patients43 thus in current adopted approach contribution of Pharmacist to report ADR appeared to be high as compare to the pre awareness campaign indicate the positive outcome of compain. Reporting of ADRs is high in high income incoutries as compare to low income countries. As per World Health Organization,Pakistan stand among low income countries so there is need of development of such a smart approach for reporting ADRs its awareness for patient safety. Conclusion: ADRs have a major contribution in death mortality so there is need to continue effort in developing an easy and smart technology like spontaneous reporting of ADRs through call( ADRs hot line service) its awareness comapign seems to be very effective boosting professionals . References: Biswas, P., Pharmacovigilance in Asia. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 4(Suppl1): p. S7-S19. Goettler, M., S. Schneeweiss, and J. Hasford, Adverse drug reaction monitoringcost and benefit considerations. Part II: cost and preventability of adverse drug reactions leading to hospital admission. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 1997. 6 Suppl 3: p. S79-90. Einarson, T.R., Drug-related hospital admissions. Ann Pharmacother, 1993. 27(7-8): p. 832-40. Muehlberger, N., S. Schneeweiss, and J. Hasford, Adverse drug reaction monitoringcost and benefit considerations. Part I: frequency of adverse drug reactions causing hospital admissions. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 1997. 6 Suppl 3: p. S71-7. Lazarou, J., B.H. Pomeranz, and P.N. Corey, Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA, 1998. 279(15): p. 1200-5. S., O., The role of the WHO program on International Drug Monitoring in coordinating worldwide drug safety efforts. Drug Saf 19, 1998: p. 1–10. Rawlins, M.D., Clinical pharmacology. Adverse reactions to drugs. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1981. 282 : p. 974-6. Edwards, I.R. and J.K. Aronson, Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet, 2000. 356: p. 1255-9. Bandekar, M.S., S.R. Anwikar, and N.A. Kshirsagar, Quality check of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting forms of different countries. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 19(11): p. 1181-5. Munir Pirmohamed, S.J., Shaun Meakin, Chris Green, Andrew K Scott,Thomas J Walley,Keith Farrar,B Kevin Park,Alasdair M Breckenridge., Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004. 329: p. 15-19. Mellin GW, K.M., The saga of thalidomide (concluded). . N Engl J Med 1962. 24: p. 1238-44. V, G., Thalidomide in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. A review of safety considerations. Drug Saf, 1992. 7(2): p. 116-34. DArcy PF, G.J., Thalidomide revisited. . Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 1994. 13: p. 65-76. Stephanie Tseng, G.P., Kenneth Washenik, Miriam Keltz Pomeranz, Jerome L Shupack., Rediscovering thalidomide: A review of its mechanism of action, side effects, and potential uses. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1996. 35(6): p. 969-979. Pal, S.N., et al., WHO Strategy for Collecting Safety Data in Public Health Programmes: Complementing Spontaneous Reporting Systems. Drug Safety, 2013. 36(2): p. 75-81. WHO, A practical handbook on the pharmacovigilance of medicines used in the treatment of tuberculosis: enhancing the safety of the TB patient. 2012, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication. Figueiras A, H.M., Polà ³nia J, et al., An Educational Intervention to Improve Physician Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 2006. 296(9): p. 1086–1093. Bates DW, C.D., Laird N, et al., Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events – implications for prevention. JAMA, 1995. 274: p. 307–311. Rawlins, M.D., Pharmacovigilance: paradise lost, regained or postponed? The William Withering Lecture 1994. J R Coll Physicians Lond, 1995. 29(1): p. 41-9. Al., G.J.e., Why Learn about Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)? Am J Med, 2000. 109(2): p. 87-94. Davies, D.E.C., Emergency re-admissions to hospital due to adverse drug reactions within 1 year of the index admission. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2010. Volume 70(Issue 5). Kass, B.L. Reducing and Preventing Adverse Drug Events To Decrease Hospital Costs. [cited; Available from: www.ahrq.gov/qual/aderia/aderia.htm. Bate, A., et al., A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1998. 54(4): p. 315-21. AGENCIES, Drug regulation follows heart patient deaths., in Daily Dawn. 2012-03-12: Lahore, Pak. Saeed, A., Pakistan heart drugs: Lahore death toll reaches 100, in BBC News. 26 January 2012: Lahore, Pak. Jooma, P.D.R., Pakistan. Pharmaceutical Country Profile 2010, Health Ministry of Pakistan: Pakistan. P. 1-56. Al., G.e., adverse drug reaction reporting system at different hospitalsof lahore, pakistan an evaluation and patient outcome analysis. journal of applied pharmacy, 2013. 4(1): p. 713-719. AKUH Pharmacy newsletter, Sep 2013, Vol.23, 02. www.ahrq.gov/qual/aderia/aderia.htm www.worstpills.org/public/page.cfm?Op_id=4‎ Lazarou, Jason, Bruce H. Pomeranz, and Paul N. Corey. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association279.15 (1998): 1200-1205. Bate, Andrew, et al. A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation.European journal of clinical pharmacology54.4 (1998): 315-321. Evans, S. J. W., P. C. Waller, and S. Davis. Use of proportional reporting ratios (prrs) for signal generation from spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety10.6 (2001): 483-486. Muehlberger N,Schneeweiss S,Hasford J. â€Å"Adverse drug reaction monitoringcost and benefit considerations. Part I: frequency of adverse drug reactions causing hospital admissions.† Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf.1997 Oct;6 Suppl 3:S71-7. Dr Emma C. Davies et al. â€Å"Emergency re-admissions to hospital due to adverse drug reactions within 1 year of the index admission†British Journal of Clinical pharmacologyvolume 70, Issue 5, Article first published online: 14 JUL 2010 Anthony R cox et al. â€Å"Assessing, managing and reporting Adverse drug reactions may better equip us to minimize medicines-related harm†, 2008 volume 18, issue-2/5 PIP Basic pharmacy skills Mar08 www.dawn.com/news/702090/drug-regulation-follows-heart-patient-deaths www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16742832 WHO’s Pharmaceutical country profile: Pakistan. Gulamet al., 2013, â€Å"adverse drug reaction reporting system at different hospitalsof lahore, pakistan an evaluation and patient outcome analysis†, journal of applied pharmacy04(01): 713-719; January, 2013 AKUH Pharmacy newsletter, Sep 2013, Vol.23, 02 www.fda.gov/Drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/developmentresources/druginteractionslabeling/ucm114848.htm ASHP Guidelines on Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring and Reporting, www.ashp.org.

Compassion Fatigue Essay -- Health, Nursing

Title compassion fatigue According to Taylor (2008) the definition of nurse is from the meaning of the Latin word nutrix, which means â€Å"to nourish†. Nursing has a focus of caring for every patient physically, emotionally, socially and spiritually. To meet the needs of every patient, nurses must take on many roles, but the main role being care giver (Taylor, 2008, p.14). Caring for another person requires many traits, and the most common is compassion. The definition of compassion is â€Å"sympathetic consciousness of another’s distress with a desire to alleviate it† (Merriam-Webster dictionary, 2011). Compassion and the desire to nourish may have been deciding factors that would lead one to pursue a career in nursing. Nurses over the span of their career will have extensive exposure to trauma, pain and unfortunate situations. Workplace stressors such as scheduling and increasing workload along with repeated exposure to the hardships of others predisposes caregivers, especially nurs es, to develop a unique type of burn out labeled compassion fatigue (Joinson 1992). Compassion fatigue develops when a nurse unintentionally takes on the misfortune, anxiety, pain and trauma of the patients they care for. It is a negative emotional and physical response to the unfortunate situations that can arise in the profession of care giving. The â€Å"detrimental effects can include exhaustion, an inability to focus and a decrease in productivity, as well as unhappiness, self-doubt and loss of passion and enthusiasm† (Lester, 2010, p. 11). Compassion fatigue will develop suddenly versus burnout which develops gradually (Boyle, 2011, p. 9). This abrupt onset of symptoms will hinder the nurse’s ability develop a trusting and therapeutic relationship with... ...nate in their work and genuinely care for their patients, but to do this they must set professional and personal boundaries and be aware of the effect pain; trauma and death may have on their lives. According to Bush (2009), nurses must learn forgiveness and love themselves to prevent and overcome compassion fatigue. â€Å"Nurses should treat themselves with the empathy and compassion that they give others† (Bush, 2009, p. 27). Nurses should take time to nurture themselves by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and diet. They should also continue to participate in activities that they enjoy, get plenty of rest, and have a sense of self-awareness throughout their career. Additional resources are available to any caregiver to educate themselves on compassion fatigue at The Compassion Fatigue Awareness Project’s web site at http://www.compassionfatigue.org/index.html.

Metternich’s Political Confession of Faith Essay

Prince Klemens von Metternich was the leading personality during the Congress of Vienna which sought to restore Europe back to the status quo, undoing the â€Å"disorder† caused by Napoleon. Besides being instrumental in â€Å"cleaning up Napoleon’s mess,† Metternich was a conservative at heart and saw the â€Å"damage† the French Revolution had brought to France and how Napoleon tried to import the legacy of the French Revolution, as well as the Enlightenment, to the rest of the lands in Europe he conquered and the subsequent effects thereafter. Metternich wrote â€Å"Political Confession of Faith† which he addressed to Russian Tsar Alexander I as a â€Å"secret† memorandum in 1820. This also came at a time when there were similar revolutions, led by liberals in parts of Spain, Italy and Germany. This document revealed Metternich’s sentiments about the emerging trend in Europe – the rise of liberalism. For Metternich, this was a trend that was a major area of concern not only for him but for the rest of Europe. He had singled out France for being the â€Å"cradle of the Enlightenment† when he said: â€Å"France had the misfortune to produce the greatest number of these men. It is in her midst that religion and all that she holds sacred, that morality and authority, and all connected with them, have been attacked with a steady and systematic animosity, and it is there that the weapon of ridicule has been used with the most ease and success. Drag through the mud the name of God and the powers instituted by His divine decrees, and the revolution will be prepared! Speak of a social contract, and the revolution is accomplished! † A staunch conservative monarchist, He saw what the French Revolution, whose leaders were imbued with Enlightenment ideas toppled the monarchy which they regarded as obsolete and irrelevant owing to its inability to care for its people, did to French society. For the French people, they no longer recognized the Divine Right of kings and instead saw it from a different prism – King Louis XVI did not live up to the â€Å"social contract† and in doing so, lost his legitimacy to rule and when Louis tried to stifle their rights, they took drastic action that led to his overthrow. What happened next was something that made Metternich concerned – the Reign of Terror which saw what Metternich noticed as a spree of persecution with reckless abandon of those said to be colluding with the old regime. Not only was Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette, the daughter of Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, executed, but several others who had no connection with them, including members of the clergy were also persecuted or sent to the guillotine. He deplored Napoleon for making quite a mess of European society: â€Å"Nevertheless the revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country and spread more or less. It was greatly developed under the regime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His conquests displaced a number of laws, institutions, and customs; broke through bonds sacred among all nations, strong enough to resist time itself; which is more than can be said of certain benefits conferred by these innovators. From these perturbations it followed that the revolutionary spirit could in Germany, Italy, and later on in Spain, easily hide itself under the veil of patriotism . † For Metternich, as shown in his secret memorandum to the Russian Tsar, liberalism was regarded as a menace to the status quo of Europe where most of the states were still monarchical. Whereas the relatively young republic of the United States of America would be all praises of liberalism, Metternich and his ilk were not. The French Revolution, particularly the Reign of Terror served as a wake-up call to the remaining monarchies to make them stand up and take notice on what could possibly happen if they would allow liberal ideas to germinate in their societies. He warned the other surviving monarchical governments to be on guard by saying, â€Å"The first principle to be followed by the monarchs, united as they are by the coincidence of their desires and opinions, should be that of maintaining the stability of political institutions against the disorganised excitement which has taken possession of men’s minds†¦ In short, let the great monarchs strengthen their union, and prove to the world that if it exists, it is beneficent, and ensures the political peace of Europe: that it is powerful only for the maintenance of tranquillity at a time when so many attacks are directed against it; that the principles which they profess are paterllal and protective, menacing only the disturbers of public tranquillity . † Metternich’s admonition paid off as it was evident during the revolutions of 1848 when liberal movements failed to gain a foothold or emulate the success of the French Revolution. The reason being was that these societies had no long history of empowering the people and only radical means was necessary to do it. The bottom line Metternich was pointing out was that liberalism could not be drastically erected and revolution was not always the answer to addressing the social and political problems. Furthermore, the Reign of Terror also saw how ugly liberalism would go when taken to the extreme in bringing even more instability in exchange for bringing too much freedom to the people. Bibliography Metternich, Klemens von. â€Å"Political Confession of Faith. † Fordham University Modern History Sourcebook. December 20, 1820. http://www. fordham. edu/haslall/mod/1820 metternich. html/

Regulation in Mass Media Essay

The responsibility of the FCC and their regulations are often questioned if they are necessary or not. By examining Horwitz’s â€Å"The Evolution of the American Telecommunication System and the Origin of Communication Regulation. ,† one could take the side that the regulation of media is necessary. Regulation of media is necessary to prevent a monopoly– which is one company controlling the entire market. If there was a monopoly on media then the company could charge and price whatever they want and only give service to those they wanted to. By having media regulations this is not able to happen. Natural monopolies in wired carriers, which are monopolies approved by the FCC, keep costs down and prevent a cluttering of wiring in the air or ripping up streets to install underground wiring. The first sign of natural monopoly was with AT&T and the telephone. According to Horowitz, it states: â€Å"Under the leadership of Theodor Vail, AT&T maintain the telephony constitution a natural monopoly. One policy, one system, and universal service’ was Vail’s ot-reapted slogan. † (Horowitz, Page 99) Vail argued that by having more then one provider there would be a waste of resources and if there was one provider pooling its resources they would be able to provide a better service to the customer. Though this might be true, unless there is regulation by the government this idea of natural monopoly would be horrible. Now the FCC regulates any kind of natural monopoly that exists within universal carriers of a med ia. The beginning of regulation began with the start of large scale communication, other then print, in 1835 when Samuel Morse proved a signal that could transmitted a message by wire. Morse used pulses of current to provide a written code on a strip of paper. This code became known as the Morse Code. Morse gave a public demonstration in 1838 to congress, but it took congress over five years to fund Morse’s experiment of the telegraph. Congress funded Morse $30,000 to construct a 40 mile experiment from Washington to Baltimore, using telegraph wire. It took six years before a message was sent and received over the telegraph wire. This was the first time a message had been transferred other then print or word of mouth. Western Union became the main provider of the telegraph service, and became a monopoly in 1867. The telegraph created the umbrella of commerce, which was the first time the government intervened with communications. According to Horwitz, a common carrier obligation was established for all carriers that provided service for the telegraph. Telegraph companies resemble railroad companies and other common carries, in that they are instruments of commerce and in that they exercise a public employment and are therefore bound to serve all customers alike without discriminations, they have doubtless a duty to the public to receive to the extent of there capacity all messages clearly and intelligible written and to transmit them upon reasonable terms but they are not common carriers, there duties are different and are perfo rmed in different ways and they are not subject the same liabilities. (Horowitz, Page 95, 96) What this law meant was that there could be no discrimination in who the provider wanted to extend service to. In 1895 the first radio message was transmitted by Marconi. Radio area waves were open to who ever could make a device to transmit messages to other people with the same device. Broadcasting became more and more popular. According to Horwitz, â€Å"broadcasting-the dissemination of electrical messages through the airwaves to an undifferentiated audience-may not have been contemplated, but it was inherited in the technology of radio. (Horowitz, Page 112) Radio became more and more popular and the government stepped in like they did with the telegraph and telephone and began regulating radio. The first major regulation was the Radio Act of 1912. Before this, radio waves were open to the public. The airwaves started to become too crowded and the U. S. government decided to take actio n. The Radio Act of 1912 established government control over the airwaves and created guidelines for issuing licenses and distributing radio airwaves. The Radio Act of 1927 was the second major act that was established to regulate the media industry. This act created the Federal Radio Communications (FRC), which was responsible for giving licenses to broadcasters. This act also made it so that the radio airwaves were a public resource. As a result, broadcasters were required to serve the public interest. The regulations of broadcasted media and the regulation of print media are different. The regulation of print deals with copyright laws. Anyone could publish anything they want but if some one uses someone else’s words without proper notation they could be sued. Print is regulated more when dealing with news print; for example the newspaper. Most print media would not use profanity or any kind of naked pictures. Print media is mostly written based on ethics. The writer tries not to take sides or out right seem bias towards one particular side. Broadcast media like radio have different kinds of regulations. In order to have air time on the radio one needs to have a license. Radio also must provide a public service toward the listener. Radio just like print media tends to stay away from profanity and over sexual connotations. Print media usually has a fee, whereas, radio is free to the public. Both of these media’s have regulations but have different kinds of regulations from the FCC. Overall, the world of mass media has many regulations that exist. These regulations are decided by the FCC, which is an independent government agency created under the Communications Act of 1934. At the beginning the FCC was responsible for regulating broadcast, telegraph, and telephone. Now the FCC has expanded its regulations to include new communication technologies such as: the satellite, microwave, cellular telephones, PCS service and private radio communications. As one could see, the responsibilities of the FCC are necessary in monitoring both the delivery system and the actual media itself. Overall, by using Horwitz’s â€Å"The Evolution of the American Telecommunication System and the Origin of Communication Regulation. ,† one could tell the history of regulation and how important it really is to the people.

Billy Budd by Herman Melville

The story, Billy Budd, by Herman Melville embodies many themes. The same story has also been the subject of many different interpretations because of these themes. One of the more popular interpretations has to do with the many different allusions to the holy Christian bible. Billy has often been interpreted as Adam from the book of Genesis, while his counterpart, Claggart, has often been compared to the serpent in the Garden of Eden or as Satan. The reason for this comparison has to do with the sacrifice that Billy makes at the end of the story.Good natured and kind hearted, Billy becomes the innocent victim of a harsh society. In order to make this portrayal, however, it is necessary to briefly discuss the trials and tribulations that Billy endured. The goodness of Billy is highlighted more during the times when Claggart tries to tempt Billy in committing dastardly acts and deeds of evil; the temptations that Claggart dangles in Billy’s way show Claggart’s different a ttempts to destroy the character of Billy. This is analogous to the situation in the Garden of Eden where the Serpent tries to deceive Adam into taking the fruit of the forbidden tree.The description of Claggart’s dead body as it lies lifeless in the form of a snake reinforces this point. This is an important characterization that is used well in the story as it makes it easier for the readers to identify one of the many themes that are embedded in Billy Budd. Without these comparisons to Adam, the innocence and the tragedy of the downfall of Billy would not be as highlighted as they are in the story. The sacrifice that Billy makes in the end becomes the haunting image of how a hostile society can corrupt the lives and minds of the innocent ones.

The influence of the US foreign policy on the prospective unification Dissertation

The influence of the US foreign policy on the prospective unification of Koreas - Dissertation Example Reports show that during 20th century, there had been various efforts to address the different issues that impeded reunification of North and South Korea. At this time it became quite clear to the stakeholders (Koreans and non-Koreans) and other experts on foreign affairs related to Korea that reunification of the two nations was an internal matter to be decided by only by the Koreans themselves. However, it was equally clear to stakeholders and experts that the US had a crucial role, both in the division and future reunification, and through various foreign policies adopted by it towards the two Koreas, the US also could play a major role in a united Korean future. Right from the start of the 20th century, the Koreans have always looked for ways to give the two countries a unified and independent framework. However, even before WW II, any such hopes of unification received a setback when in 1910 Japan forcibly conquered Korean Peninsula. When Japan was defeated at the end of WWII in 1945, there were some hopes of a Korean unification that were again destroyed by partitioning. At this time, a division was created (of a temporary nature) in order to hasten the capture of the defeated Japanese forces. This activity, which was more of a plan for collaboration during a war between different occupying forces, however, turned into game of rivalry during the post-war times and the Korean division became permanent with hopes of a reunification slowly disappearing. During the various Korean Wars that took place after the WWII there have been attempts from both sides for a forced reunification, which failed to produce any definite results. Despite the reu nification criteria, always remaining on agenda list of the Korean countries from 1953 onward, during the Cold War it was practically shelved after which the issue received very little attention. 3 The will to reunite is a strong emotion prevalent amongst both the Korean nations and is founded on the country’s long history of heritage, cultural ethnicity, and homogeneity that have created a sense of strong national unity.4 Integrated with significant influence from Chinese cultural heritage, Koreans believe in strong family ties and take deep pride in their national history and culture. Owing to this background, the Koreans still hope for a reunification, despite wars and years of tension between the two nations. Majority

Government and nonprofit accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government and nonprofit accounting - Essay Example The criteria should be used to determine the extent to which a transferor government either retains or relinquishes control over the receivables or future revenues through its continuing involvement with those receivables or future revenues. This Statement establishes that a transaction will be reported as a collateralized borrowing unless the criteria indicating that a sale has taken place are met. If it is determined that a transaction involving receivables should be reported as a sale, the difference between the carrying value of the receivables and the proceeds should be recognized in the period of the sale in the change statements. If it is determined that a transaction involving future revenues should be reported as a sale, the revenue should be deferred and amortized, except when specific criteria are met. This Statement also provides additional guidance for sales of receivables and future revenues within the same financial reporting entity (Government Accounting Standards Boa rd, 2006). This Statement includes a provision that stipulates that governments should not revalue assets that are transferred between financial reporting entity components.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 16

Management - Essay Example e world has changed and in the 21st century corporate responsibility and sustainable business practices are important elements that should be an integral part of a company’s strategy. This paper analyzes and studies business sustainability in order to determine if the subject should be included in future business textbooks as an important business discipline that students should educate themselves on. Sustainability are the policies and processes which enhance the financial, environmental, societal, human and other resources on which the company depends for its long-term health (Economic Intelligence Unit). It involves a major commitment from a company in order to satisfy the needs of its internal and external stakeholders as well as placing a high level of importance in mother earth. The practice can not be applied through a single linear approach, since in order for sustainability in the business world to be effective a company must apply an integrated approach throughout the enterprise. The globalization movement made companies around the world located in different location and societies realized that the actions of companies affect the global economy. Since the turn of the century companies have made sustainability a priority. Executive are utilizing a strategic approach called corporate responsibility in order to attend the sustainability issue. Corporate responsibility is the continuing commitment by businesses to behave ethically and contribute to the economic development while improving the quality of life behind the workforce (Corporate-responsibility). Sustainability can help companies increase their profitability and shareholders value. The principles of sustainability state that the long term results are more important than short term gains. An example of how the principle of sustainability affects the corporate the case of Nike apparel. Nike Corporation in the late 1990’s incurred in unethical human labor practices in developing nation by

Earth's Magnetic Pole Reversals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Earth's Magnetic Pole Reversals - Essay Example â€Å"In 2005, the North Magnetic Pole (NMP) was about 810 km (503 miles) from the Geographic North Pole. The NMP was in the  Arctic Ocean  north of Canada. The South Magnetic Pole (SMP) was about 2,826 km (1,756 miles) from the Geographic South Pole. The SMP was off the coast of  Antarctica  in the direction of Australia† (Russel). The presence of earth’s magnetic field can be explained through the dynamo effect. Deep inside the earth’s core is a solid iron ball with temperatures reaching as high as that on the sun. This inner core is surrounded by a molten mass of iron, called the outer core. The molten mass of iron circulates relative to the motion of the earth. Convection currents within this region generate our planet’s magnetism (Phillip). Over years, many scientists have proven that the earth’s magnetic field is changing. James Ross located the pole for the first time in 1831 after an exhausting journey during which his ship got stuck. No one retrieved it until four years and when they did, they noticed that the pole had shifted from its original position, even though by a small amount. The next observation occurred in 1904 when Ronal Amundsen found the pole again and discovered that it had moved almost fifty kilometers since the days of Ross. This movement of the magnetic poles has hastened in the recent past. â€Å"The pole kept going during the 20th century, north at an average speed of 10 km per year, lately accelerating to 40 km per year (Phillip). This sparked interest of researchers to study this phenomenon in detail. It has been discovered that iron and other heavy metals, present inside molten lave, align themselves in the direction of the external magnetic field when solidifying to form hardened rock. By studying the various layers of these rocks, scientists have measured the historical directions of the Earth’s magnetic field and concluded that the Earth’s poles

Basic Principles of the Marketing Research Paper

Basic Principles of the Marketing - Research Paper Example The researcher states that relevant example of an intangible product can be Australian Open Championship that offers its services for the purpose of satisfying entertaining needs of spectators. Its arrangement requires different kinds of assets, including financial, human and material resources. Sports equipment, food, and beverages for cafeterias, souvenirs play the role of tangible assets, meanwhile administrative and maintenance staff plays the role of human resources. Visitors buy tickets for the Championship, therefore this event has profit basis along with the social goal to develop sport around the country. Tennis Australia considers that the more people enroll in clubs, the more skillful and distinguished players can be trained and stand out. This will increase Australia’s chances to win awards on world championships, improve state’s reputation and attain international recognition of the country. Tennis Australia strives for raising people’s interest and attraction their attention to sports activities. Watching professional players, potential consumers are prone to follow their examples and become tennis players later on by themselves. Australian Open Championship can be considered as a brand due to its main purpose to promote tennis. Its biggest value is that people get closer to sports events and later on become more interest in it. Brand statement of Tennis Australia cannot be considered as useful one in a full way because, in my opinion, it does not display all the urgency and importance of organization’s mission. A brand statement should be more profound and all-embracing so that potential consumers have a clear presentiment about company’s direction and promotion campaign. The success of brand realignment can be measured with the help of the increased number of people who enroll in clubs after realignment. The main participants of the microclimate of air travel industry are competitors; companies that deliver raw materials; suppliers of integrated products; partners and distributors. For instance, if the prices for raw materials increase, the total cost of airplane grows also, therefore airlines which use modern airplanes will increase prices of tickets for preventing a situation from losing additional profits. Factors of macroenvironmental can be political, economic, ecological and legislative situation in the country. If the level of economic development in specific country drops, this decreases profits of the population, who consequently due to lower salary will prefer a less expensive method of transportation substituting jets for trains or buses. Decreased level of demand will influence on air industry’s profits. Finally, airlines will be compelled to review price policies for affecting ticket sales.